Can STIs Affect Male Fertility?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are one of several factors that can contribute to male infertility. They can directly impact sperm production and motility, hindering a man's ability to conceive. Additionally, they can indirectly cause problems by leading to inflammation, scarring, and blockages in the reproductive tract, particularly in areas like the epididymis and urethra. Left untreated, these complications can significantly reduce sperm health and the chances of conception.

As some STIs may not show any symptoms, regular testing is crucial for identifying and treating potential issues before they affect fertility.

What STIs Can Cause Male Infertility?

Sexually transmitted infections may have a short-term or long-term impact on sperm health and male fertility. Here are some STIs that can make men infertile:

• Chlamydia: Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that causes epididymitis – an inflammation of the coiled tube near the testicles that stores and transports sperm. Furthermore, this infection can also negatively impact sperm quality, potentially leading to sperm DNA fragmentation, which damages the genetic material carried by the sperm.
• Gonorrhoea: Gonorrhoea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Like chlamydia, it can cause epididymitis. This infection may also cause an abscess within the penis and permanent scarring that impedes sperm transport. Additionally, gonorrhoea can also lead to the inflammation of the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body (urethritis), contributing to abnormal sperm parameters.
• Syphilis: Syphilis typically starts as painless sores on the genitals and progresses through various stages. While syphilis itself does not directly affect male fertility, its complications can lead to epididymitis, testicular damage, and scarring of the sperm ducts. Without proper treatment, the disease can degenerate nerves and eventually lead to erectile dysfunction and fertility problems.
• Hepatitis: Certain types of hepatitis, such as hepatitis B, can cause liver infections. Hepatitis B infection has been linked to potential complications with male fertility. These viral infections may cause inflammation and scarring of the liver, which can block the reproductive tract and lead to impaired sperm motility and low sperm count.
• Genital Herpes: Genital herpes commonly appears as painful open sores or blisters on the penis and scrotum. While these sores are not linked to infertility, having unprotected sex is inadvisable as the virus could spread. Additionally having herpes can cause a lower sperm count, thus reducing fertility.
• HIV: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that targets the immune system. Although HIV itself does not directly impact male fertility, the medications used for treating the infection can potentially decrease sperm motility, sperm counts, and semen volume. This can also lead to hypogonadism and the loss of spermatogenic cells that form mature sperm.

How To Prevent STIs

Preventing sexually transmitted infections involves taking proactive measures to minimise the risk of infection, safeguard male fertility, and maintain overall reproductive health. Here are some steps that can help prevent STIs:

• Use a Barrier Method: Consistent and correct use of barrier methods like condoms can reduce the risk of contracting STIs. Condoms serve as a physical barrier that prevents infectious fluids or agents between partners during vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse.
• Schedule Regular Testing: Regular STI testing is recommended at least annually, particularly for individuals who are sexually active or have multiple partners. Early testing provides a better view of their sexual health and enables proactive measures to prevent long-term complications and potential infertility.
• Seek Immediate Treatment: If you test positive for a bacterial STI such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional right away. They can offer personalised advice and recommend treatments, such as antibiotics, to help minimise the long-term effects of STIs on reproductive health.
• Get Vaccinated: Vaccines can help protect against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which can be passed through sexual contact. HPV vaccines can target high-risk HPV strains that may contribute to penile cancer and other severe conditions. Discuss with your doctor whether vaccination is suitable for you to mitigate STI-related complications.
• Educate Yourself and Your Partner: Open communication with your partner about sexual health is critical. Sharing your sexual history and discussing safe sexual practices can foster a mutual commitment to responsible sexual behaviour.

If you suspect you have contracted an STI or have concerns about your reproductive health, it is crucial to seek professional medical advice and undergo early testing. At Dr Tan Medical Center, we offer comprehensive STI and HIV screenings in Singapore in a private and supportive environment. The earlier STIs are detected, the lower the chance of impairing fertility. Call us at 6513 0359 to schedule an appointment.