Understanding HPV Cancers

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted group of viruses that can cause confusion and fear. This is partly due to a lack of noticeable symptoms, some misinformation, and potentially serious complications like cancer.

The good news is that most cases of HPV are preventable and potential complications can be effectively managed through vaccination and regular screenings. In Singapore, HPV vaccination is recommended for ages 9–26, as well as older adults to help protect them from cancer-causing HPV infections.

What Is HPV (Human Papillomavirus)?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread group of viruses. With over 100 types existing, HPV can infect various parts of the body, including the genital areas, mouth, and throat. While most of these types are harmless and can go away on their own, some can cause genital warts and others can even lead to cancers. HPV infections are primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, often during sexual activity. HPV infections are the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).

What Are the Types of HPV?

HPV can be categorised into two types:

• Low-Risk HPV Strains: Around 40 types of HPV strains are considered low-risk. These strains do not cause symptoms and disappear when the body builds immunity to the virus. However, they can contribute to the development of certain cancers and cause about 90% of genital warts. Common low-risk strains include HPV 6 and HPV 11.
• High-Risk HPV Strains: Certain HPV strains, known as high-risk types, increase the risk of developing cancers in the genital area, head, and neck. While there are 12 high-risk HPV types, HPV 16 and 18 are most commonly associated with cancer development.

How Does an HPV Infection Cause Cancer?

During sexual contact, a high-risk HPV strain from an infected person may enter another person’s body cells. Once that person’s cells are infected with the DNA of the virus, these cells will replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply uncontrolled.

The immune system can recognise and control these HPV-infected cells, but they sometimes remain. They start growing faster, eventually forming an area of precancerous lesions, which are abnormal cell clusters but not yet cancerous. If left untreated, these precancerous lesions can continue to develop and become cancerous. This process can take several years or decades.

What Cancers Are Caused by an HPV Infection?

The HPV virus stays in the body for a long time before it eventually leads to cancer. The types of cancers that may be linked to HPV include:

• Cervical Cancer: This is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV. The virus from high-risk HPV types can infect cells on the surface of the cervix and potentially lead to cancerous growth over time.
• Anal Cancer: Over 90% of cancer of the anus in both men and women is caused by HPV. This condition is more common in people with HIV and in men who have had sex with other men.
• Penile Cancer: Over 60% of penile cancers are caused by HPV. It is a rare form of cancer that usually forms on or under the foreskin of the penis.
• Vaginal Cancer: About 75% of vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. Many vaginal pre-cancers may be present for years before turning into cancer.
• Vulvar Cancer: High-risk types of HPV such as HPV 16 and HPV 18 can infect the skin and mucous membranes of the vulva, leading to cancer. This cancer is less common than cervical cancer and more complicated to treat.
• Oropharyngeal Cancer: This type of cancer affects the throat, base of the tongue, and tonsils, typically due to an HPV infection. It is more common in men than in women.

How To Prevent HPV-Related Cancers

Several measures can help reduce the risks of HPV cancers, such as:

• Getting HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common high-risk HPV strains (such as HPV 16 and 18). Vaccination is recommended for both men and women at ages 9-26. Older adults who are not yet vaccinated may consult their doctor about HPV vaccination.
• Using Condoms: These barrier methods effectively reduce the risk of contracting HPV infections. However, while condoms provide protection, they may not cover all potential areas of HPV transmission; hence, using them consistently and correctly is necessary for optimal protection.
• Getting Tested: Regular HPV screening helps detect precancerous lesions caused by HPV before they turn cancerous. There are many tests available for HPV cancer including pap smears, HPV testing, and colposcopy.

HPV is a common virus, but it is important not to let it cause unnecessary worry. By learning the different types of HPV and the cancers that high-risk strains can cause, you can make informed decisions regarding vaccination, screening, and safe practices. Getting an HPV test in Singapore and following preventive measures like screenings and safe sex practices can significantly reduce your risk of HPV-related health problems. For personalised care, consult our doctor to discuss your concerns and receive expert guidance on prevention and treatment options. Call us at 6513 0359 to schedule an appointment.